Instructional Design Models

The value of a specific model is determined within the context of use. Like any other instrument, a model assumes a specific intention of its user. A model should be judged by how it mediates the designer's intention, how well it can share a work load, and how effectively it shifts focus away from itself toward the object of the design activity.

-Martin Ryder

Some Basics

Corollary Sites

See also...

The Models:

Cognitivist, Constructivist and Postmodern Models Action Research (Participatory Design Models) Activity Theory (artifact-mediated and object-oriented action) Anchored Instruction (John Bransford) Bransford profile (Sebastian Foti) (mirror) Anchored Instruction (Barbara Grabowski and Marianne McCarthy) Anchored Instruction (Open Learning Technology Corp) Anchored Instruction (Tony Brown) Jasper Woodbury (LTC, Vanderbilt) Andrgogy (Malcom Knowles) Knowles profile (by Robert Carlson, courtesy of David Maier) andragogy (PatricK Mendelsohn) andragogy (Camargo, Hyde and Whigham) Andragogy summarized (Stephen Brookfield) Fidishun Andragogy and Technology: Integrating Adult Learning Theory As We Teach With Technology Cognitivism Cognitive approach (Judith Conway) Cognitivism (Sonja Wilhelmsen, Stein Inge Åsmul & Øyvind Meistad,) Cognitive Theories of Learning: Bruner, Ausubel, and Gagne (Charles Sturt Univ) Cognitive Load Theory and Instructional Design (Graham Cooper) Advanced Organizers (David Ausubel) Ausubel profile (Sebastian Foti) The Advanced Organizer (Rene Postrech) Subsumption Theory (Greg Kearsley) Cone of Experience (Edgar Dale) Dale profile (David Maier) Cone of Experience (Florida State Univ) Cone of Experience (Leilani Carbonell) Cone of Learning (North Carolina State Univ) Bogus Research Uncovered (Work-Learning Research) Information Processing see George Miller Cognitive Information Processing (David Perry) Information Processing (Greg Kearsley) Information Processing (Open Learning Technology Corporation Ltd.) Information Processing (Petrina Quinn) Concept Mapping (Joseph Novak) Concept Mapping (Jan Lanzing) Introduction to Concept Maps (University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign) Concept Map FAQ (Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Univ of W. Fla) Anderson-Inman (1996) Computer-based Concept Mapping: Promoting Meaningful Learning in Science for Students with Disabilities Cicognani (2000) Concept Mapping as a Collaborative Tool for Enhanced Online Learning Novak (1992) The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How To Construct Them Øhrstrøm (1996) C. S. Peirce and the Quest for Gamma Graphs Crandell, Kleid, & Soderston (1996) Empirical evaluation of concept mapping: A job performance aid for writers. Technical Communications (review by Lorraine Sherry) Cognitive Apprenticeship (Collins, Brown and Newman) Collins, Brown, and Holum (1991) Cognitive apprenticeship: Making thinking visible (review by Dan Watola) Cognitive Apprenticeship (WikEd - UIUC) Cognitive Apprenticeship (Judith Conway) Cognitive Apprenticeship (Sarah Seastone) Cognitive Apprenticeship (Jy Wana Daphne Lin Hsiao) Informatique et transformation de la pédagogie (Collins, Brown and Newman) Snyder, Farrell and Baker (2000) Online Mentoring: A Case Study Involving Cognitive Apprenticeship and a Technology-Enabled Learning Environment Wilson and Cole (1996) Cognitive Teaching Models Berryman Designing Efective Learning Environments: Cognitive Apprenticeship Models Duncan (1996) Cognitive Apprenticeship in Classroom Instruction: Implications for Industrial and Technical Teacher Education Conway (1997) Educational Technology's Effect on Models of Instruction Casey ((2000) Using Case-Based Reasoning and Cognitive Apprenticeship to Teach Criminal Profiling and Internet Crime Investigation Resnick (1987) Learning In School and Out (Review by Belinda Aboshanab) Cognitive Flexibility Theory (Rand Spiro) Spiro profile (Sebastian Foti) Cognitive Flexibility Theory (Greg Kearseley) Cognitive Flexibility Theory (Isabel Borras) Cognitive Flexibility Theory (Jy Wana Daphne Lin Hsiao) Spiro, Feltovich, Jacobson, and Coulson (1992) Cognitive Flexibility, Constructivism, and Hypertext: Random Access Instruction for Advanced Knowledge Acquisition in Ill-Structured Domains online text     mirror Cunningham (1994) Teacher Knowledge, Cognitive Flexibility and Hypertext: Case-Based Learning and Teacher Education Boger-Mehall (1997) Cognitive Flexibility Theory: Implications for Teaching and Teacher Education Graddy (2000) Cognitive Flexibility Theory as a Pedagogy for Web-Based Course Design Ryder (1996) Modern to Postmodern Dual Coding Theory (Allan Paivio) Dual Coding Theory (Maria Schutt) Dual Coding Theory (Greg Kearsley) mirror Dual Coding Theory (Open Learning Technology) Dual Coding Theory (Institute of Design) Dual Coding Theory (Denny Atkinson) Holcomb, Kounios, Anderson, and West Dual-Coding, Context-Availability, and Concreteness Effects in Sentence Comprehension: An Electrophysiological Investigation on Students' Conceptual Growth Najjar (1995) Dual Coding as a Possible Explanation for the Effects of Multimedia on Learning Noh (2002) Aids to computer-based multimedia learning Pyle and Akins-Moffatt (1999) The Effects of Visually-Enhanced Instructional Environments Rusbult (1995) Visual Thinking and Visual-Verbal Communication Saavedra (1999) Dual Coding Theory: A Theoretical Foundation of Learning with Graphics Sadoski (1998) Mental Imagery in Reading: A Sampler of Some Significant Studies Wang (1995) Dual Coding Theory and Connectionist Lexical Selection pdf Generative Learning (Merlin C. Wittrock) Wittrock home page (UCLA) Generative Learning (David Jonassen) Generative Learning (Ba rbara Grabowski and Marianne McCarthy) Generative Learning (Doug Furey) Generative process of the brain (Summary by Kay Wijekumar) Generative Learning and Web Development (Martin Ryder) Generative Learning (George Mason Univ) Schaverien (2000) Towards research based designing for understanding fundamental concepts: The case of the web delivered generative virtual classroom for teacher education CSCL Computer Supported Collaborative Learning CSCL defined (Barbara Wasson) CSCL Resources (Lorraine Sherry) CSCL Resources for Novices (Nathan Zhao) CSCL Theories (Jy wana Daphne Lin Hsiao) CSCL General Resource for Novices (Nathan Zhao) see Computer Supported Collaborative Work Kaptelinin and Cole Individual and Collective Activities in Educational Computer Game Playing mirror Lehtinen CSCL: a Review CSILE Computer Supported Intentional Learning Environments (Scardamalia and Bereiter) Scardamalia and Bereiter CSILE (Jón Erlendsson) Scardamalia and Bereiter (1994) Computer Support for Knowledge-Building Communities Conversation Theory (Gordon Pask) Pask links Definition (Martin Ryder) example Overview (Greg Kearsley) Reflections (Gary McI. Boyd) Pask's Words and What We Want From Them (Paul Pangaro) Non-linear Sequencing (Sara McNeil) Discovery Learning (Jerome Bruner) Discovery Learning (Judith Conway) Discovery Learning (Ken Martin) Discovery Learning (Don Clark) Discovery Learning (Skip Bardin) Discovery Learning (Penn State Univ) Jerome Bruner and Discovery Learning (Jack Hassard) Discovery Learning (Skip Bardin) Bruner's Constructivist Theory (Peter Patsula) Perry Making Sense of Bruner's Theory of Cognitive Development in College Instruction (1996) Discovery Learning with Computer Simulations of Conceptual Domains Tuovinen (1995) Cognitive Load and Discovery Learning Conway (1997) Educational Technology's Effect on Models of Instruction Inquiry Teaching Inquiry-Oriented Teaching (Carl Wenning) Interpretation Construction (ICON) Design Model (Black and McClintock) Black and McClintock (1995) An Interpretation Construction Approach to Constructivist Design abstract Black, Thalheimer, Wilder, de Soto, and Picard (1994) Constructivist Design of Graphic Computer Simulations Black, McClintock, and Hill (1994) Assessing Student Understanding and Learning in Constructivist Study Environments Three Constructivist Design Models (Disney Learning Partnership) Mind Tools (David Jonassen) Jonassen profile (Sebastian Foti) What are Cognitive Tools? (1978) Mindtool Resource Page (Gary Lewallen) What are databases? (Jonassen and Carr) The Minimalist Model (John Carroll) Maria Montessori Montessori profile (Mark Smith) Montessori profile (David Maier) Montessori profile (Tarraugh Flaherty) Montessori profile (Linda Woolf) Montessori profile (The International Montessori Index) Montessori Education (Marsha Enright and Doris Cox, 1997) Original works by Maria Montessori Problem-Based Learning PBL Overview (Jee Park) Problem-Based Learning (Barbara Grabowski and Marianne McCarthy) Savery and Duffy (1995) Problem based learning: An instructional model and its constructivist framework (review by Chuck Ferguson) Lewis (1997) Distributed Course Delivery for Problem Based Learning Camp (1996) Problem-Based Learning: A Paradigm Shift or a Passing Fad? White (1996) Dan Tries Problem-Based Learning: A Case Study Nowskowski et.al (1996) Learner-Centered Classrooms, Problem-Based Learning, and the Construction of Understanding and Meaning by Students Shanley (1996) Why Problem-based Learning? Sample PBL Problems (University of Deleware) The Project Method (Kilpatrick and Dewey) Self-initiated, holistic, purposeful activity Kilpatrick profile (John Lounsbury) Kilpatrick profile (Alan Garrett) Kilpatrick profile (Landon Beyer) pdf Kilpatrick profile (John Beineke) A brief overview of Progressive Education (Dewey Project) Project-Based Learning (Houghton Mifflin) Of Chickens and Projects (Henry Olds) Bazilian The Project Method Flanagan (1994) John Dewey pdf Gregoire and Laferriere (1998) Project-based Collaborative Learning with Networked Computers Holt (1994) Dewey and the "Cult of Efficiency": Competing Ideologies in Collaborative Pedagogies of the 1920s Kent (1993) Vygotsky, Dewey, and Externalism: Beyond the Student/Discipline Dichotomy Knoll (1997) The Project Method: Its Vocational Education Origin and International Development Petrosino Project-Based Learning Sherman (2002) Explore, Question, Ponder, and Imagine Simpson (1998) Extension Is Not Just Service, But Service Learning Is Important to Extension Tekinarslan (2004) Project-based Distrubuted Learning and Adult Learners Tekinarsian and Fakultesi (2003) Distributed Learning and Constructivist Philosophy TeleLearning Project (Canada) Online Project-Based Collaborative Learning Weiss, DeFalco, and Weiss (2002) Progressive = Permissive? pdf Play Cheyne (1989) Serious Play from Peregrination to Cultural Change: A Bateson-Gadamer-Harris Hypothesis Bird Play From A Theoretical Point of View Rieber (1996) Seriously considering play: Designing interactive learning environments based on the blending of microworlds, simulations, and games Kaptelinin and Cole Individual and Collective Activities in Educational Computer Game Playing Choi (2000) Let's Play : Children with Autism and Their Play Partners Together Role Play Ip, Linser and Jasinski (2002) The Zen Of Being An Effective Moderator In Online Role-Play Simulations Ip, Linser, and Naidu (2001) Simulated Worlds: Rapid Generation Of Web-Based Role-Play Naidu, Ip, and Linser (2000) Dynamic Goal-Based Role-Play Simulation on the Web: A Case Study Roger Schank Goal-based Scenarios (Virginia Tech) A radical look at education and goal-based scenarios review (by Kellie McGovern) Schank Ten Mistakes in Education Schema Theory see Fredrick Bartlett Schema Theory (Greg Kearsley) Schema Theory (Sharon Widmayer) Schema Theory (David Perry) Schema Theory (Erwin Segal) mirror more Norman, Gentner and Stevens (1976) Comments on learning schemata and memory representation (review by Brent Wilson) Recker (1999) Schema theory & mental models Schank E.D. Hirsch and Schema Theory Cultural Schema Theory Chandler (1997) Schema Theory and the Interpretation of Television Programmes Situated Cognition John Seely Brown William Clancey Situated Cognition (Jy Wana Daphne Lin Hsiao) Bredo (1994) Cognitivism, Situated Cognition, and Deweyan Pragmatism Lave (Greg Kearsley) mirror Lemke (1995) Cognition, Context, and Learning: a social semiotic perspective Bredo Cognitivism, Situated Cognition, and Deweyian Pragmatism Wilson (1995) Situated instructional design: Blurring the distinctions between theory and practice, design and implementation, curriculum and instruction Hansman and Wilson (1998) Cognition and Practice: Adult Learning Situated in Everyday Activity Observational (Social) Learning Theory (Albert Bandura) see Socio-Cultural Theory Bandura profile (Sebastian Foti) Bandura profile (Summer Pierce) Bandura profile (George Boeree) Bandura profile (Frank Pagres) Bandura profile (Muskingum College) Bandura profile (psi cafe) Bandura profile (George Boeree) Bandura Home Page (Stanford) Bandura Web Site (Frank Pagres) Social Learning Theory (Greg Kearsley) Social Learning Theory (Margaret Isom) Social Learning Theory (Em Griffin) mirror Social Learning Theory (Peter J. Patsula) Observational (Social) Learning (Bill Huitt) Social Cognitive Theory (Kelli McCormack Brown) From Behaviorism to Social Cognition (Frank Pagares) Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961) Transmission of Aggression Through Imitation of Aggressive Models (Courtesy, Christopher Green) Structural Knowledge (David Jonassen) Structural Knowledge (Chris Mueller) Design of Constructivist Learning Environments

Comparitive Models

• Behaviorist, Cognitivist, Constructivist (Judith Boettcher)
• Behaviorism, Cognitive Constructivism, Social Constructivism (Berkeley GSI Teaching Resource Center)
• Behaviorist, Constructivist (University of Washington, Seattle)
• Behaviorist, Information Processing, Constructivist (Leilani Carbonell)

• Clyde Bassett's annotated summary of this page.
• corollary sites referencing this page.
• Front End Analysis
• Constructivism
• InTRO (Harmon, Jones and Surry)
• Sara McNeil A Hypertext History of Instructional Design
• Charles Reigeluth
  • The Green Book
  • The Yellow Book
• Conway (1997) Educational Technology's Effect on Models of Instruction
• Great Ideas in Education (Sebastian Foti)
• Teaching and Learning with Internet Tools ID models overview from Daniel Schneider (University of Geneva)
• Heinich, Molenda, Russell, and Smaldino (2000) Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning
• Greg Kearsley Theory Into Practice (TIP) Database (Descriptions of 48 theories related to learning and instruction)